Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, Graves’ ophthalmopathy, or Graves’ orbitopathy, is a debilitating and painful autoimmune disease that causes eye bulging and vision change. In serious cases, TED can lead to loss of vision and blindness. The primary pathophysiology of TED is thought to occur via activating autoantibodies to thyrotropin receptors (TSHRs) on orbital fibroblasts.
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