Chip-free wireless sensors could reduce environmental impact of electronic tags – Tech Xplore

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January 31, 2025
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by University of Glasgow
A more sustainable new form of electronic tag could help reduce the vast environmental impact caused by single-use RFID technologies, researchers say.
Engineers from the University of Glasgow have developed the new wireless tag system, which can identify objects and measure temperature without the use of microchips.
Instead, the tags use inexpensive coils and a sensing material made from a form of silicon rubber called PDMS and carbon fibers. The coils, smaller than the ones found in credit cards, absorb electromagnetic signals from a hand-held reader using electromagnetic waves.
The researchers say their new, less wasteful tags could help reduce the retail sector’s reliance on RFID chips, which uses more than 10 billion tags each year. Most tags are used just once, and end up in a landfill without appropriate recycling of the electronics.
The team’s new tags are capable of carrying identifying information as well as taking real-time measurements of temperature. The tags can be read by wireless hand-held devices costing less than £100.
The tags could help create future generations of ‘smart packaging’ which could also measure pH or humidity, providing retailers with warnings when food is at risk of spoiling or carrying harmful bacteria.
The flexible and lightweight tags could also find use in health care and smart clothing, where they could unobtrusively monitor wearers’ vital signs.
In a paper titled “Large-Area Conductor-Loaded PDMS Flexible Composites for Wireless and Chipless Electromagnetic Multiplexed Temperature Sensors,” published in Advanced Science, the researchers discuss how they developed the technology and tested it in lab conditions.
They show how the sensors can detect variations in temperature between 20°C and 110°C. This could help make future wireless sensors cheaper and more sustainable, as fewer devices will now be required to cover the same temperature sensing range.
The tags performed particularly well between 20°C to 60°C, the range most relevant for food safety and medical applications. They are capable of reacting quickly to changes in temperature, taking just seconds to register significant changes.
They also demonstrate how multiple tags can be read at once, showing three sensors providing information to the reader device simultaneously, and can function equally well at different distances from the reader.
Dr. Mahmoud Wagih, lecturer at the University of Glasgow’s James Watt School of Engineering, is the study’s corresponding author. He said, “Developing wireless sensing tags is crucial for monitoring temperature across supply chains, particularly in food safety and medical applications. By eliminating the need for microchips, these chipless tags could significantly reduce both cost and electronic waste compared to traditional RFID sensors.
“While there have been various efforts in recent years to develop chipless smart devices, many require expensive specialized equipment for readout, limiting their potential in commercial applications.
“Our paper shows how multiple temperature sensors can be read simultaneously using an inexpensive portable device, which could make it an attractive prospect for adoption by a wide range of industries.”
The James Watt School of Engineering’s Dr. Benjamin King is a co-author of the paper. He said “The new technology we’ve developed uses materials which are cheap and widely-available, and the tags can be manufactured using a simple, scalable process. Our hope is that those unique characteristics could help the technology become widely-adopted in the years to come, helping to reduce the environmental harms currently being caused by single-use RFID tags.”
More information: Benjamin King et al, Large‐Area Conductor‐Loaded PDMS Flexible Composites for Wireless and Chipless Electromagnetic Multiplexed Temperature Sensors, Advanced Science (2025). DOI: 10.1002/advs.202412066

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A new form of electronic tag, developed without microchips, uses inexpensive coils and PDMS with carbon fibers to identify objects and measure temperature. These tags, which absorb electromagnetic signals, could reduce reliance on single-use RFID technologies, minimizing electronic waste. They can measure temperatures between 20°C and 110°C, with optimal performance from 20°C to 60°C, and can be read by affordable devices. Potential applications include smart packaging, healthcare, and smart clothing.
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